The Science Behind Brainzyme® FOCUS™

1. A double‑blind, placebo‑controlled study evaluating the effects of natural stimulant and L‑theanine both alone and in combination on cerebral blood flow, cognition and mood (2015) Psychopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25761837/
2. Effects of L‑theanine on cognitive function in middle‑aged and older adults: a randomized placebo‑controlled study (2021) Journal of Medicinal Food. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33751906/
3. Green tea extract enhances parieto‑frontal connectivity during working‑memory processing (2014) Psychopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24643507/
4. The Effects of Green Tea Extract on Working Memory in Healthy Women (2018) Nutrients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29484360/
5. Green tea effects on cognition, mood and human brain function: a systematic review (2017) Phytomedicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28899506/
6. Effects of L‑theanine administration on stress‑related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults: a randomized, placebo‑controlled study (2019) Nutrients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31623400/
7. The effects of the green‑tea amino acid L‑theanine on stress/anxiety outcomes: systematic review (2020) Nutrients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31758301/
8. High‑dose L‑theanine–natural stimulant combination improves ERP P3b and selective attention after sleep loss (2024) Nutrients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789769/
9. Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) Nutrients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31623400/
10. The deployment of intersensory selective attention: a high-density electrical mapping study of the effects of theanine. Clinical Neuropharmacology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17272967
11. L-Theanine and caffeine in combination affect human cognition as evidenced by oscillatory alpha-band activity and attention task performance. The Journal of Nutrition. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641209
12. L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biological Psychology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16930802
13. L-Theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18296328

1. Cognition‑enhancing effect of Panax ginseng in healthy adults: randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled (2019) Journal of Ginseng Research. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6989239/
2. Effects of Korean red ginseng on human gray‑matter volume and cognition: randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled (2021) Nutritional Neuroscience. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33217050/
3. Emerging evidence that ginseng components improve cognitive function: narrative review (2024) Aging and Disease. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11068985/
4. Effects of Korean red ginseng in individuals exposed to high stress: randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled (2019) Journal of Ginseng Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31308812/
5. Safety and tolerability of Korean red ginseng in healthy adults: 24‑week randomized trial (2018) Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6190494/
6. Dose dependent changes in cognitive performance and mood following acute administration of Ginseng to healthy young volunteers (2001) Nutritional Neuroscience. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11842896/
7. Modulation of cognition and mood following administration of single doses of Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and a ginkgo/ginseng combination to healthy young adults (2002) Physiology & Behavior. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12020739/
8. Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand (2002) Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12404705
9. Effects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained ‘mentally demanding’ tasks. Journal of Psychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0269881106061516

1. Improved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guaraná extract: comparison and interaction with Panax ginseng (2004) Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15582012/
2. A double‑blind, placebo‑controlled, multi‑dose evaluation of the acute behavioural effects of guaraná in humans (2007) Psychopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16533867/
3. Acute effects of different multivitamin/mineral preparations with guaraná on mood and cognition (2013) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3798923/
4. Vitamin/mineral complex with guaraná attenuates mental fatigue and improves task performance prior to exercise (2015) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4555111/
5. Effect of guaraná on cognitive performance: systematic review and meta‑analysis (2023) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9865053/
6. Cognitive effects of guaraná supplementation with maximal‑intensity cycling: matched natural stimulant comparison (2023) Nutrients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36146946/
7. Effects of acute guaraná ingestion on cognitive performance and vagal modulation in healthy adults (2024) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11206275/
8. Heart rate variability and cognitive function following multivitamin‑mineral‑guaraná ingestion (2014) Nutrients. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/1/196
9. Mechanisms involved in anti-aging effects of guarana in caenorhabditis elegans. The Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20187552
10. Improved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guarana extract. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2004.07.014
11. Guarana provides additional stimulation over caffeine alone in the planarian model. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123310

1. The dose‑dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers (2000) Psychopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11026748/
2. Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers (2005) Psychopharmacology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7994981_Differential_cognitive_effects_of_Ginkgo_biloba_after_acute_and_chronic_treatment_in_healthy_young_volunteers
3. Is Ginkgo biloba a cognitive enhancer in healthy individuals? A meta‑analysis (2012) Human Psychopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23001963/
4. Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-003-3080-1
5. Ginkgo biloba extract review on CNS effects. Ann Clin Psychiatry. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12938868/
6. Demonstration of the "anti-stress" activity of an extract of Ginkgo biloba using a discrimination learning task. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(94)90111-2
7. Chemical analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaves and extracts. Journal of Chromatography A. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00172-3

1. Choline Intake Correlates with Cognitive Performance among Elder Adults in the United States (2021) Behavioural Neurology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8570899/
2. Citicoline and Memory Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial (2021) The Journal of Nutrition. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8349115/
3. The relation of dietary choline to cognitive performance and white-matter hyperintensity in the Framingham Offspring Cohort (2011) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3252552/
4. Acetylcholine bidirectionally regulates learning and memory (2022) Journal of Neurorestoratology. https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1016/j.jnrt.2022.100002
5. Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs (2022) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9415189
6. The Role of Choline in Neurodevelopment (2023) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10343507
7. Maternal choline supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy improves infant information processing speed: a randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding study (2018) The FASEB Journal. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6988845/
8. Association between Maternal Choline, Fetal Brain Development, and Child Neurocognition: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Studies (2022) Advances in Nutrition. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9776654/
9. Choline: an important nutrient in brain development, liver function and carcinogenesis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1992.10718251
10. Nutritional importance of choline for brain development. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719433

1. The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness (1995) Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7794222/
2. Tyrosine improves cognitive performance and reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of combat training (1999) Brain Research Bulletin. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10230711/
3. Effect of tyrosine on cognitive function and blood pressure under stress (1994) Psychopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8293316/
4. Working memory reloaded: tyrosine repletes updating in the N‑back task (2013) Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3863934/
5. Tyrosine promotes cognitive flexibility in task switching (2015) Psychopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25598314/
6. Dose‑dependent effects of oral tyrosine on plasma tyr and cognition in older adults: a randomized crossover trial (2017) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5748730/
7. Effects of L‑Tyrosine on working memory and inhibitory control are determined by DRD2 genotype (2016) Cortex. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27403851/
8. Neuro‑cognitive effects of acute tyrosine administration on cognitive control in young adults (2018) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6084775/
9. Baseline‑dependent effect of dopamine's precursor L‑tyrosine on the updating of working memory (2020) Psychopharmacology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32133585/
10. Treatment with tyrosine, a neurotransmitter precursor, reduces environmental stress in humans. Brain Research Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(89)90096-8
11. Working memory reloaded: tyrosine repletes updating in the N-back task. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00200
12. The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7794222
13. Tyrosine improves working memory in a multitasking environment. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00094-5

1. Improving Cognitive Function with Nutritional Supplements in Aging: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Clinical Studies Investigating the Effects of Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants, and Other Dietary Supplements (2023) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10746024/
2. L‐carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment (2017) Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6464592/
3. L-Carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine roles and neuroprotection in developing brain (2018) Neurochemical Research. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5621476/
4. Acetyl-l-carnitine improves aged brain function (2010) Geriatrics & Gerontology International. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00595.x
5. Chronic acetyl-l-carnitine alters brain energy metabolism and increases noradrenaline and serotonin content in healthy mice (2012) Neurochemistry International. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018612001398
6. Chronic acetyl-L-carnitine alters brain energy metabolism and increases noradrenaline and serotonin content in healthy mice. Neurochemistry International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2012.04.008

Representative structure: lactic acid — key metabolite produced by L. acidophilus.

1. Probiotics: The Next Dietary Strategy against Brain Aging (2022) Preventive Nutrition and Food Science (PNF). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9007707/
2. The effect of probiotics on cognitive function across the human lifespan: A systematic review (2021) Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763421002748
3. When the microbiome helps the brain-current evidence (2023) CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cns.14076
4. Probiotics as modulators of gut-brain axis for cognitive development (2024) Frontiers in Pharmacology. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1348297/full
5. Effect of Probiotics on Central Nervous System Functions in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review (2016) Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?uid=1188
6. Health-Promoting Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Its Technological Applications in Fermented Food Products and Beverages (2024) Fermentation. https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/10/8/380
7. Positive Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus EG004 on Cognitive Ability of Healthy Mice by Fecal Microbiome Analysis Using Full-Length 16S-23S rRNA Metagenome Sequencing (2022) Microbiology Spectrum. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8754107/
8. The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Annals of Gastroenterology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367209/
9. Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Brain Development. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111247
10. Effect of Probiotics on Central Nervous System Functions in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm16018

1. Curcumin‑rich curry consumption and neurocognitive function in community‑dwelling older adults (4.5‑year cohort) (2022) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8952785/
2. Curry consumption and cognitive function in the elderly: population study (2006) American Journal of Epidemiology. https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/164/9/898/87190
3. Curcumin and cognitive function: meta‑analysis of randomized trials (2025) Frontiers in Nutrition. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1549509/full
4. Curcumin: A Golden Approach to Healthy Aging: A Systematic Review of the Evidence (2024) Nutrients. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/16/2721
5. Curcumin stimulates proliferation of neural progenitors and enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis (2008) Stem Cells and Development. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2386914/
6. Curcumin enhances neurogenesis and cognition in aged rats (2012) PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0031211
7. Short‑term curcumin supplementation increases serum BDNF: meta‑analysis of randomized trials (2019) Journal of Functional Foods. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0271531719301009
8. Effects of curcumin on learning and memory deficits, BDNF, and ERK protein expression in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (2014) Behavioural Brain Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24914461/
9. Curcumin promotes neurogenesis via Wnt/β‑catenin signalling in mouse models (2020) Brain Research. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006899320305552
10. Curcumin effects on learning and memory: review of preclinical evidence (2014) Journal of Medicinal Food. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4060834/
11. Curcumin improves cognition with increased hippocampal PSD95 and BDNF in mice (2025) Scientific Reports. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39774610/
12. Effects of Curcumin on Cognitive Function - A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine. https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2472-0712/ArticleFullText.aspx?sid=2&id=10.14218%2fERHM.2018.00024
13. Curcumin reverses impaired cognition and neuronal plasticity induced by chronic stress. Neuropharmacology. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390809001634
14. Curcumin intervention for cognitive function in different types of people: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Phototherapy Research. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ptr.6257

1. Cinnamon and cognitive function: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies (2024) Nutritional Neuroscience. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36652384/
2. Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Interventions on Cognition and Brain Health in Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2020) Journal of Clinical Medicine. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/5/1598
3. The Potential Role of Cinnamon in Human Health (2021) Forests Journal. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/5/648
4. Cinnamon extract improves insulin sensitivity in the brain and lowers liver fat in mouse models (2014) Plos One Journal. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0092358

1. Magnesium and Cognitive Health in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) Advances in Nutrition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39009081/
2. Association between magnesium intake and cognition in US older adults (2022) A & D: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/trc2.12250
3. Neuroprotective effects of magnesium: implications for neuroinflammation and cognition (2024) Frontiers in Endocrinology. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2024.1406455/full
4. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium (2010) Neuron. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20152124/
5. Magnesium Citrate Increases Pain Threshold and Reduces TLR4 Concentration in the Brain (2021) Biological Trace Element Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32989649/
6. Dietary magnesium intake is related to larger brain volumes and lower white matter lesions with notable sex differences (2023) European Journal of Nutrition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36899275/
7. Serum Magnesium and Cognitive Function Among Qatari Adults (2020) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32351381/

1. Neuroprotective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) (2010) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20633111/
2. Neuroprotective effects of macamide from maca (Lepidium meyenii) on corticosterone-induced hippocampal impairments through anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic and synaptic protection properties (2021) Food & Function. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34606547/
3. Oral Supplementation with Maca Improves Social Memory and Restores Social Recognition Impairments by Augmenting Oxytocinergic Signaling (2023) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9954495/
4. Preservation of Cognitive Function by Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is Associated with Improvement of Mitochondrial Activity and Upregulation of Autophagy-Related Proteins in Middle-Aged Mouse Cortex (2016) Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5018343/

1. Piperine, the potential functional food for mood and cognition (2008) Food and Chemical Toxicology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18639606/
2. Effects of piperine on memory and behavior mediated via monoamine neurotransmitters (2005) Journal of Traditional Medicines. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtm/22/2%2B3/22_2%2B3_39/_article
3. The Extract of Piper nigrum Improves the Cognitive Impairment and Mood in Sleep-Deprived Mice Through the JAK1/STAT3 Signalling Pathway (2025) International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/26/5/1842

1. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Bromelain: Applications, Benefits, and Mechanisms (2024) Nutrients. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/13/2060
2. Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective (2021) Life Journal. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/

1. Vitamin C supplementation promotes mental vitality in healthy young adults: results from a cross-sectional analysis and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (2021) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8783887/
2. Plasma Vitamin C Concentrations and Cognitive Function: A Cross-Sectional Study (2019) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6454201/
3. Vitamin C Status and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review (2017) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5622720/
4. Vitamin C intake and cognitive function in older U.S. adults (2025) Frontiers in Nutrition. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1585863/full
5. The Contribution of Plasma and Brain Vitamin C on Age- and Gender-Related Differences in Cognition (2020) Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/integrative-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnint.2020.00047/full
6. Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy adults in late life (2018) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6353240/
7. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ascorbic Acid (2022) International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9598715/
8. Effects of high-dose B-vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on mood and cognitive performance during intense mental processing (2010) Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20454891/

1. Vitamin status and cognitive function in a long-term care population (2005) BMC Geriatrics. https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2318-5-16
2. Higher intake of certain nutrients among older adults is associated with better cognitive function: an analysis of NHANES 2011–2014 (includes B-vitamin analyses) (2023) BMC Nutrition. https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-023-00802-0
3. Individual and combined effects of dietary vitamin intake on cognitive function in elderly adults (includes niacin among vitamins assessed) (2025) Frontiers in Nutrition. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1485648/full

1. A randomized trial of vitamin E and cognitive change in healthy women (2006) Archives of Internal Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17159011
2. Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy adults in late life (2018) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6353240/
3. A randomized trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the prevention of cognitive change in women (2009) Archives of Internal Medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2752297/

1. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cognitive and Emotional Functioning in Young Adults – A Randomised Controlled Trial (2011) PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0025966
2. Does high dose vitamin D supplementation enhance cognition?: A randomized trial in healthy adults (2017) Experimental Gerontology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28167237/
3. Vitamin D Status and Rates of Cognitive Decline in a Multiethnic Cohort of Older Adults (2015) JAMA Neurology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26366714/
4. Investigating Potential Dose–Response Relationships between Vitamin D Status and Cognitive Performance: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in Middle- to Older-Aged Adults in the Busselton Healthy Ageing Study (2022) International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/1/450
5. Vitamin D status is associated with executive function a decade later: data from the Women’s Healthy Ageing Project (2018) Maturitas. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29169581/

1. Effects of zinc supplementation on cognitive function in healthy middle-aged and older adults: the ZENITH study (2006) British Journal of Nutrition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17010236
2. Plasma trace elements and cognitive function in older men and women: The Rancho Bernardo study (2008) The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18165841/
3. Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Inflammatory and Cognitive Parameters in Middle-Aged Women (2023) Nutrients. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/37892471
4. Zinc intake, status and indices of cognitive function in children and adults: a systematic review (2015) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://www.nature.com/articles/ejcn201560
5. Cognitive function in healthy older European adults: the ZENITH study (2005) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16254577/

1. Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on mood and cognition (2010) Psychopharmacology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2885294/
2. Effects of Four-Week Supplementation with a Multi-Vitamin/Mineral Preparation on Mood and Blood Biomarkers in Young Adults: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial (2015) Nutrients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26529011/
3. Functional brain activity changes after 4 weeks multivitamin/mineral supplementation in healthy adults (2016) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/aging-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00288/full
4. Effects of a multi-vitamin/mineral supplement on cognitive function and fatigue during extended cognitive demand in healthy females (2010) Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hup.1144

1. Dietary boron, brain function, and cognitive performance (1994) Environmental Health Perspectives. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889884/
2. The importance of boron nutrition for brain and psychological function (1998) Biological Trace Element Research. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10050926/
3. New Insights into Boron Essentiality in Humans and Animals (2022) International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9409115/
4. Effects of Dietary Food Components on Cognitive Function (2021) Nutrients. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/8/2804
5. Update on human health effects of boron (2014) Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25063690/

1. Vitamin B6 for cognition (2003) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14584010/
2. Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy adults in late life (2018) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6353240/
3. Effects of high-dose B-vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on mood and cognitive performance during intense mental processing (2010) Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20454891/
4. B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review (2016) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4772032/
5. Associations between vitamin B6/B9/B12 status and cognitive performance in U.S. older adults (NHANES 2011–2014) (2022) Nutrients. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8962758/

1. Association of vitamin B2 intake with cognitive performance in older adults: a cross-sectional study (2023) Journal of Translational Medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10691015/
2. Association between vitamin B2 intake and cognitive performance among older adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES (2024) Scientific Reports. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11415396/
3. Association between dietary riboflavin intake and cognitive decline in older adults: a cross-sectional analysis (2025) Nutritional Neuroscience. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39012764/
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1. Effect of oral vitamin B-12 with or without folic acid on cognitive function in older people with mild vitamin B-12 deficiency: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (2006) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16895884/
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